Psychotropic

Definition

A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that crosses the blood–brain barrier and acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it affects brain function, resulting in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. These substances may be used recreationally, to purposefully alter one's consciousness, or as entheogens, for ritual, spiritual, and/orshamanic purposes, as a tool for studying or augmenting the mind. Some psychoactive drugs are also recognized for therapeutic use asanesthetics, analgesics, or for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Because psychoactive substances bring about subjective changes in consciousness and mood that the user may find pleasant (e.g. euphoria) or advantageous (e.g. increased alertness), many psychoactive substances are abused, that is, used excessively, despite health risks or negative consequences. With sustained use of some substances, psychological and physical dependence ("addiction") may develop, making the cycle of abuse even more difficult to interrupt. Drug rehabilitation aims to break this cycle of dependency, through a combination of psychotherapy, support groups and even other psychoactive substances. However, the reverse is also true in some cases, that is certain experiences on drugs may be so unfriendly and uncomforting that the user may never want to try the substance again. This is especially true of the deliriants (e.g. Jimson weed) and powerful dissociatives (e.g. Salvia divinorum). Most purely psychedelic drugs are considered to be non-addictive (LSD, psilocybin, mescalineetc.); "psychedelic amphetamines" or empathogen-entactogens (such as MDA, MDMA etc.) may produce an additional stimulant and/or euphoriant effect, and thus have an addiction potential.

In part because of this potential for abuse and dependency, the ethics of drug use are the subject of debate. Many governments worldwide place restrictions on drug production and sales in an attempt to decrease drug abuse. Ethical concerns have also been raised about over-use of these drugs clinically, and about their marketing by manufacturers.

History

Psychoactive drug use is a practice that dates to prehistoric times. There is archaeological evidence of the use of psychoactive substances (mostly plants) dating back at least 10,000 years, and historical evidence of cultural use over the past 5,000 years. The chewing of coca leaves, for example, was found to date back over 8000 years ago in Peruvian society.

Medicinal use is one important facet of psychoactive drug usage. However, some have postulated that the urge to alter one's consciousness is as primary as the drive to satiate thirst, hunger or sexual desire. The long history of drug use and even children's desire for spinning, swinging, or sliding indicates that the drive to alter one's state of mind is universal.

One of the first people to articulate this point of view, set aside from a medicinal context, was American author Fitz Hugh Ludlow (1836–1870) in his book The Hasheesh Eater (1857): "...drugs are able to bring humans into the neighborhood of divine experience and can thus carry us up from our personal fate and the everyday circumstances of our life into a higher form of reality. It is, however, necessary to understand precisely what is meant by the use of drugs. We do not mean the purely physical craving...That of which we speak is something much higher, namely the knowledge of the possibility of the soul to enter into a lighter being, and to catch a glimpse of deeper insights and more magnificent visions of the beauty, truth, and the divine than we are normally able to spy through the cracks in our prison cell. But there are not many drugs which have the power of stilling such craving. The entire catalog, at least to the extent that research has thus far written it, may include only opium, hashish, and in rarer cases alcohol, which has enlightening effects only upon very particular characters."

This relationship is not limited to humans. A number of animals consume different psychoactive plants, animals, berries and even fermented fruit, becoming intoxicated, such as cats after consuming catnip. Traditional legends of sacred plants often contain references to animals that introduced humankind to their use. Biology suggests an evolutionary connection between psychoactive plants and animals, as to why these chemicals and their receptors exist within the nervous system.

During the 20th century, many governments across the world initially responded to the use of recreational drugs by banning them and making their use, supply, or trade a criminal offense. A notable example of this is the Prohibition era in the United States, where alcohol was made illegal for 13 years. However, many governments, government officials and persons in law enforcement have concluded that illicit drug use cannot be sufficiently stopped through criminalization. Organizations such as Law Enforcement Against Prohibition (LEAP) have come to such a conclusion believing "the existing drug policies have failed in their intended goals of addressing the problems of crime, drug abuse, addiction, juvenile drug use, stopping the flow of illegal drugs into this country and the internal sale and use of illegal drugs. By fighting a war on drugs the government has increased the problems of society and made them far worse. A system of regulation rather than prohibition is a less harmful, more ethical and a more effective public policy." In some countries, there has been a move toward harm reduction by health services, where the use of illicit drugs is neither condoned nor promoted, but services and support are provided to ensure users have adequate factual information readily available, and that the negative effects of their use be minimized. Such is the case of Portuguese drug policy of decriminalization, which achieved its primary goal of reducing the adverse health effects of drug abuse.

Effects of psychotropic use

Substances or psychotropic drugs may decrease the activity of the brain or stimulating the central nervous system and cause behavioral abnormalities, accompanied by the onset of hallucinations (dreaming), illusion, impaired thinking, feeling changes can lead to dependence and has the effect of stimulation (stimulated) for the users .

Use of Psychotropic prolonged unattended and restrictions health officials may result in a worse, not only cause addiction and even cause various kinds of illnesses as well as physical and psychological disorders of the users, it is not uncommon even cause death.

United Nations Convention on fighting narcotics and psychotropic substances of 1988

Council of the United Nations had held a convention on fighting the circulation of psychotropic (Convention on psychotropic substances), held in Vienna from 11 January to 21 February 1971, followed by 71 countries and added 4 countries as observers.

As a reaction driven by deep concern over the increased production, demand, abuse and illicit trafficking of narcotics and psychotropic substances, children and adolescents are used as user market narcotics and psychotropic substances illegally, as well as the target of production, distribution, and trafficking narcotics and psychotropic substances, has led to the birth of the United Nations Convention on the Eradication of Illicit Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988.

The convention contains basic thoughts:

1. The community of nations and countries in the world need to give priority attention to the problem of fighting illicit trafficking of narcotics and psychotropic substances.

2. Fighting illicit trafficking of narcotics and psychotropic substances is a problem that all countries need to be deal together.

3. The provisions set forth in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, Protocol of 1972 Amendments Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961,  and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971, need to be confirmed and refined as a legal basic to prevent and fight illicit trafficking of narcotics and psychotropic substances.

4. The need to strengthen and improve the legal basic for more effective within international cooperation in order to fight crime in the area of ​​trans-national criminal organizations in the activities of illicit narcotics and psychotropic substances.

Classes of psychotropic

Psychotropic drugs that have the potential of resulting in dependency syndrome classified into 4 categories:

Psychotropic group I: substances which are not used for medicinal purposes with the potential for a very strong dependence

Psychotropic group II: substances that are efficacious therapy, but can cause dependence.

Psychotropic group III: the effects psychotropic drugs with moderate dependence from the sedative hypnotics.

Psychotropic group IV: the effects psychotropic mild dependence.

Based on the United Nations Convention on fighting narcotics and psychotropic substances in 1988 can be classified as follows: (preceded by the name of International and chemical name is placed in parentheses)

Psychotropic group I

·         Broloamfetamine atau DOB ((±)-4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine)

·         Cathinone ((x)-(S)-2-aminopropiophenone)

·         DET (3-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]indole)

·         DMA ( (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine )

·         DMHP ( 3-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H- dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-olo )

·         DMT ( 3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]indole)

·         DOET ( (±)-4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxy-alpha-phenethylamine)

·         Eticyclidine - PCE ( N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine )

·         Etrytamine ( 3-(2-aminobutyl)indole )

·         Lysergide - LSD, LSD-25 (9,10-didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8beta-carboxamide)

·         MDMA ((±)-N,alpha-dimethyl-3,4-(methylene-dioxy)phenethylamine)

·         Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)

·         Methcathinone ( 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-one )

·         4-methylaminorex ( (±)-cis-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline )

·         MMDA (2-methoxy-alpha-methyl-4,5-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine)

·         N-ethyl MDA ((±)-N-ethyl-alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine)

·         N-hydroxy MDA ((±)-N-[alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethyl]hydroxylamine)

·         Parahexyl (3-hexyl-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol)

·         PMA (p-methoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine)

·         Psilocine, psilotsin (3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] indol-4-ol)

·         Psilocybine (3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate)

·         Rolicyclidine - PHP,PCPY ( 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine )

·         STP, DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-alpha,4-dimethylphenethylamine)

·         Tenamfetamine - MDA (alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine)

·         Tenocyclidine - TCP (1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine)

·         Tetrahydrocannabinol

·         TMA ((±)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine)

Psychotropic group II

·         Amphetamine ((±)-alpha-methylphenethylamine)

·         Dexamphetamine ((+)-alpha-methylphenethylamine)

·         Fenetylline (7-[2-[(alpha-methylphenethyl)amino] ethyl]theophylline)

·         Levamphetamine ((x)-(R)-alpha-methylphenethylamine)

·         Levomethampheta-mine ((x)-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine)

·         Mecloqualone (3-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-4(3H)- quinazolinone)

·         Methamphetamine ((+)-(S)-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine)

·         Methamphetamineracemate ((±)-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine)

·         Methaqualone (2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone)

·         Methylphenidate (Methyl alpha-phenyl-2-piperidineacetate)

·         Phencyclidine - PCP (1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine)

·         Phenmetrazine (3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholine)

·         Secobarbital (5-allyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)barbituric acid)

·         Dronabinol atau delta-9-tetrahydro-cannabinol ((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H- dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol)

·         Zipeprol (alpha-(alpha-methoxybenzyl)-4-(beta-methoxyphenethyl)-1-piperazineethanol)

Psychotropic group III

·         Amobarbital (5-ethyl-5-isopentylbarbituric acid)

·         Buprenorphine (2l-cyclopropyl-7-alpha-[(S)-1-hydroxy-1,2,2-trimethylpropyl]-6,14- endo-ethano-6,7,8,14-tetrahydrooripavine)

·         Butalbital (5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid)

·         Cathine / norpseudo-ephedrine ((+)-(R)-alpha-[(R)-1-aminoethyl]benzyl alcohol)

·         Cyclobarbital (5-(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid)

·         Flunitrazepam (5-(o-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-7-nitro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)

·         Glutethimide (2-ethyl-2-phenylglutarimide)

·         Pentazocine ((2R*,6R*,11R*)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-6,11-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-ol)

·         Pentobarbital (5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)barbitur

ic acid)

Psychotropic group IV

·         Allobarbital (5,5-diallylbarbituric acid)

·         Alprazolam (8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine)

·         Amfepramone (diethylpropion 2-(diethylamino)propiophenone)

·         Aminorex (2-amino-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline)

·         Barbital (5,5-diethylbarbituric acid)

·         Benzfetamine (N-benzyl-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine)

·         Bromazepam (7-bromo-1,3-dihydro-5-(2-pyridyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)

·         Butobarbital (5-butyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid)

·         Brotizolam (2-bromo-4-(o-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f]-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine)

·         Camazepam (7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4 benzodiazepin-2-one dimethylcarbamate (ester))

·         Chlordiazepoxide (7-chloro-2-(methylamino)-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine-4-oxide)

·         Clobazam (7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione)

·         Clonazepam (5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-7-nitro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)

·         Clorazepate (7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic acid)

·         Clotiazepam (5-(o-chlorophenyl)-7-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-thieno [2,3-e] -1,4-diazepin-2-one)

·         Cloxazolam (10-chloro-11b-(o-chlorophenyl)-2,3,7,11b-tetrahydro-oxazolo- [3,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one)

·         Delorazepam (7-chloro-5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)

·         Diazepam (7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)

·         Estazolam (8-chloro-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine)

·         Ethchlorvynol (1-chloro-3-ethyl-1-penten-4-yn-3-ol)

·         Ethinamate (1-ethynylcyclohexanolcarbamate)

·         Ethyl loflazepate (ethyl 7-chloro-5-(o-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate)

·         Etil Amfetamine / N-ethylampetamine (N-ethyl-alpha-methylphenethylamine)

·         Fencamfamin (N-ethyl-3-phenyl-2-norborananamine)

·         Fenproporex ((±)-3-[(alpha-methylphenylethyl)amino]propionitrile)

·         Fludiazepam (7-chloro-5-(o-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)

·         Flurazepam (7-chloro-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-5-(o-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)

·         Halazepam (7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)

·         Haloxazolam (10-bromo-11b-(o-fluorophenyl)-2,3,7,11b-tetrahydrooxazolo [3,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one)

·         Ketazolam (11-chloro-8,12b-dihydro-2,8-dimethyl-12b-phenyl-4H-[1,3]oxazino[3,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepine-4,7(6H)-dione)

·         Lefetamine - SPA ((x)-N,N-dimethyl-1,2-diphenylethylamine)

 SUBSTANCE

In Article 59 on Act No. 5 year 1997 of Psychotropic, stated that

(1) Whoever:

a. using psychotropic group I than referred to in Article 4 paragraph (2), or

b. produce and / or use in the production of class I substances referred to in Article 6, or

c. distributing psychotropic class I did not meet the provisions referred to in Article 12 paragraph (3), or

d. import psychotropic group I than to the interests of science, or

e. is no right to own, store and / or carry psychotropic group I will be punished with imprisonment of 4 (four) years, maximum 15 (fifteen) years and a minimum fine of Rp. 150,000,000.00 (one hundred and fifty million dollars), and a maximum of Rp 750,000,000.00 (seven hundred and fifty million rupiahs).

(2) If the offense referred to in paragraph (1) shall be organized shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life or imprisonment for 20 (twenty) years and a fine of Rp. 750,000,000.00 (seven hundred and fifty million rupiahs).

(3) If the offense under this section committed by a corporation, besides the subject will be punished, the corporation also imposed a fine of Rp. 5,000,000,000.00 (five billion dollars).

The interpretation of each word;

Production: activity or process of preparing, processing, producing, packaging, and / or changing the shape of psychotropic drugs.

Organized: has compiled and organized into a unity

Corporations: which entities authorized legal entity, the company or a very large enterprise or company that is managed and operated as one large company

Importing: include merchandise from abroad

Distribute: bring (deliver) the goods from one person to another

Without right: The person who does not have any authority to own the thing

Possess: The person who own a thing

Store: Put the thing in the safe place

Article 60

(1) Whoever:

a. producing substances other than those specified in the provisions of Article 5, or

b. produce or distribute in the form of psychotropic drugs that do not meet standards and / or requirements referred to in Article 7, or

c. produce or distribute in the form of psychotropic drug that is not listed on the departments responsible for health, as referred to in Article 9 paragraph (1), shall be punished with imprisonment of 15 (fifteen) years and a maximum fine of Rp. 200,000,000.00 (two hundred million rupiahs).

(2) Any person distributing psychotropic drugs other than those specified in Article 12 paragraph (2) shall be punished with imprisonment of 5 (five) years and a maximum fine of Rp.100.000.000, 00 (one hundred million rupiahs).

(3) Any person receiving psychotropic distribution other than those specified in Article 12 paragraph (2) shall be punished with imprisonment of 3 (three) years and a maximum fine of Rp 60,000,000.00 (sixty million dollars).

(4) Those who submit psychotropics than those specified in Article 14 paragraph (1), Article 14 paragraph (2), Article 14 paragraph (3), and Article 14 paragraph (4) shall be punished with imprisonment of three (3) years and a maximum fine of Rp. 60,000,000.00 (sixty million dollars).

(5) Any person receiving delivery of substances other than those specified in Article 14 paragraph (3), Article 14 paragraph (4) shall be punished with imprisonment of 3 (three) years and a maximum fine of Rp 60,000,000.00 (sixty million dollars). When the user receives the handover, it shall be punished with imprisonment of 3 (three) months.

The interpretation of each word;

Production: activity or process of preparing, processing, producing, packaging, and / or changing the shape of psychotropic drugs.

Receiving: take, receive, hold, something that is given or sent

Users: people who use goods

Distribute: bring (deliver) the goods from one person to another